Civil protection is a system of duties and measures whose main objective is protection of life, health and property. Along with the development of mankind rises a demand for protection of civilians, therefore it is required that civil protection is constantly being improved. From the point of view of furtheradvancement, it is necessary to be familiar with history and to avoid mistakes which occurred in the past. The main objective of the bachelor thesis is to describe the main milestones in the development and further advancement of civil protection in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic, and their mutual comparison. A minor objective is to describe potential imperfections of the current system and a suggestion on measures for improvement. The thesis particularly focuses on the non-military segment of civil protection. Chapter 1 describes history and the main milestones in the development of civil protection in Europe. It is followed by history in the Slovak Republic, duties and the role of civil protection, and current challenges. Chapter 4 describes the milestones in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic since their establishments, the results of comparison, and recommendations for the field of civil protection in the future.