Aim of the diploma thesis is to compare the transport of state transport companies in Slovakia and Portugal, to evaluate the results and subsequently to propose a more efficient solutions for the company ZSSK. The thesis consists of two parts. In the theoretical part, we will bring you a theoretical view of the subject. We will explain the concept of logistics and transport and we will also approximate its division. We will then focus on rail transport. Specifically, the history of rail transport, future development and environmental impact. In the practical part, we will compare Slovakia with the Portuguese rail transport. We will find the disadvantages of Slovak railways compared to the Portuguese and then we will propose solutions.