The aim of the thesis was to investigate some cultural-evolutionary and biological-evolutionary aspects of human behavior in order to estimate the prospect of anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric argumentation in the process of behavior change to ecologically responsible, while the first approach appeals to egoism of the species and the other to altruism of human behavior. The first chapter explains the recency of the issue of ecologically responsible behavior in relation to the ecological crisis and explains the concepts of responsibility, environmental responsibility, also in relation to the conservation of biodiversity. The first part of the second chapter is devoted to the ideas of philosophical anthropologists on man and human behavior, as they have conducted thorough comparative biological and cultural research in human. The following parts of the second chapter reflect the basic sociological, ethical and psychological characteristics of human and his behavior. The third chapter explains the biological-evolutionary view of human behavior as presented by Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection, the theory of sexual selection, and the Dawkin's selfish gene theory. The last, fourth chapter is devoted to the ethology of a Chimpanzee. The first part of the chapter explains the importance of comparative research on the behavior of man and other primates. The last part of this chapter is devoted to empirical research of the personality of a Chimpanzee, carried out by direct observation of six individuals in a semi-natural environment, the research methodology is justified and its results are being interpreted. The discussion cotains the author's conclusions about the fundamentals of human behavior with the notion that anthropocentric argumentation seems to be more promising on the path to ecologically responsible behavior in terms of evolutionary biology.